This paper grasps an understanding of the agricultural frontier which thinks of it as historically constituted and able to have its contents modified by the overall changes in society. Thus, it returns to formulations over the pioneer front made by the traditional Geography and by the critical Geography. Afterwards, we deal with the particularities of the Brazilian national formation, calling attention to the importance of the university and of science in the process and in the characterization of colonization in each historical moment. Recent researches in the MATOPIBA region, taken as the final agricultural frontier within Brazil, show deforestation already conducted by modern machinery and also a high level of slave analogous labor incidence. Moreover, recent actions by transnational real estate dealers suggest the presence of finance capital, in the past unlikely to immobilize itself in land acquisitions. What could seem as a search for absolute and relative surplus value extraction in new sites can however be equally grasped as over-accumulated fictitious capitals invested as a manner to produce the appearance of solid portfolios.